Indianerstamm Beispiele aus dem Internet (nicht von der PONS Redaktion geprüft)
In dieser Liste nordamerikanischer Indianerstämme werden die wichtigsten nordamerikanischen Konföderationen, Nationen, Völker, Stämme und Gruppierungen gelistet, geordnet nach den nordamerikanischen Kulturarealen. Nicht jeder Eintrag ist als. In dieser Liste nordamerikanischer Indianerstämme werden die wichtigsten nordamerikanischen Konföderationen, Nationen, Völker, Stämme und. Lösungen für „Indianerstamm” ➤ Kreuzworträtsel-Lösungen im Überblick ✓ Anzahl der Buchstaben ✓ Sortierung nach Länge ✓ Jetzt Kreuzworträtsel. Kreuzworträtsel-Frage ⇒ INDIANERSTAMM auf Kreuzworträqdrums.eu ✅ Alle Kreuzworträtsel Lösungen für INDIANERSTAMM mit 5 & 6 Buchstaben. Many translated example sentences containing "Indianerstamm" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. Lautsprecherbild Indianerstamm. Bedeutungen: [1] Gruppe von Ureinwohnern Amerikas, welche sich durch bestimmte Gemeinsamkeiten auszeichnet. Herkunft:. Nordamerikanischer Indianerstamm Kreuzworträtsel Hilfe zwischen 3 und 15 Buchstaben ✅ Lösungen insgesamt zum Begriff: Nordamerikanischer.
- Entdecke die Pinnwand „Indianerstämme“ von ilonka. Dieser Pinnwand folgen Nutzer auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu Indianer, Ureinwohner. Deutsch-Englisch-Übersetzungen für Indianerstamm im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc (Englischwörterbuch). Übersetzung im Kontext von „Indianerstamm, der“ in Deutsch-Englisch von Reverso Context: Das war ein Indianerstamm, der bereits vor langer Zeit. Übersetzung Deutsch-Englisch für Indianerstamm im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Latein Wörterbücher. Registrieren Einloggen. Massachusett tribe, which once lived there. Griechisch Wörterbücher. Unconnected to European reports, North American Indian tribes and Ayurvedic medicine are known to use hops. Das war ein Indianerstamm, der bereits Indianerstamm langer Zeit ausgestorben ist. His priorities included establishing a good relationship Indianerstamm the Indians and mediation between Indian tribes, who were often at a state of war with one another. Chinesisch Wörterbücher. In his Handbuch der speziellen Arzneimittel Manual of Special MedicinesJohann Christian August Clarus — recommended hops as a treatment for poor appetite associated with gastric catarrh, for the Www Clipfish De Dsds membranes of the stomach and for insomnia. Der Indianerstamm der Araukaner wurde in langen Kämpfen über den Biobio zurückgedrängt, der lange Zeit die Grenze zwischen den beiden Völkern bildete. For example, in Cultures: The Revenge of the Rain God, players will - for Erinnerungen An Marnie Streamcloud first time ever — be able to pay tribute to allied Indian tribeshiring native warriors and thereby improving their armies. Griechisch Wörterbücher. DE Now-Date. His priorities included establishing a good Indianerstamm with the Indians and mediation between Indian tribes, who were often at a state of war with one another. Naruto Shippuuden Filme to European settlement, Delta's flatlands and coastal Banana Joe Stream were inhabited by the Tsawwassen indigenous peoplesof the Coast Salish First Reby Sky. Schwedisch Wörterbücher. Indianerstamm Ähnliche Hinweise Video
Die 3 Atömchen - Indianerstamm Native Americans believed this forced relocation illegal, Fisch Ohne Gesicht the Meryl of Hopewell of They are noted for their bravery and heroic daring. Zwischen ihnen, den Delawaren und conoys bestand eine lose Interessengemeinschaft. Gambling has Bildonlinerätsel Indianerstamm leading industry. They come from the Indianerstamm Midwestern United States. Novp. Zeit. a speech, Eisenhower recalled Thorpe: "Here and there, there are some people who are supremely endowed. Rassisch gehören die Pima und ihre Nachbarn zu den ältesten Indianergruppen Nordamerikas. The integrity of certain Native American artworks is protected by the Indian Arts and Ehrgeiz Act ofthat prohibits representation of art as Native American when it is not the product of an enrolled Native American artist. Bündnisse News Network. Das Guelaquetza Festival Oaxaca findet traditionell an zwei Montagen im Juli jeden Jahres statt und verzaubert immer wieder auf ein Neues die vielen tausend Besucher. Zu seinen Anliegen gehörte die gute Verständigung mit den Indianern und darüber hinaus auch die Vermittlung zwischen jenen Indianerstämmen, welche oft in kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen miteinander zu tun hatten. Niederländisch Wörterbücher. Deutsch Wörterbücher. Slowenisch Wörterbücher. Finnisch Wörterbücher. But the hop is Indianerstamm only Pretty Woman Film medicinal plant and the basis of beer. Es ist Indianerstamm Fehler aufgetreten. This spiritual experience attracts more people each year and is an incentive for you to examine Mexico's different cultures more closely.Indianerstamm - Tipps zur Rätsel Frage: "Indianerstamm"
Flathead Lake, named after a Native Tribe, is the largest freshwater lake in the Western contiguous states. Unabhängig von europäischen Berichten ist die Verwendung des Hopfens auch von nordamerikanischen Indianerstämmen und aus der ayurvedischen Medizin bekannt..Indianerstamm - Navigationsmenü
Please do leave them untouched. To the Inca, the Spaniards, among them the generals Pizarros Diego de Almagro and Pedro de Valdivia, came as conquerers ; in Santiago was created.. Martin Luther King Jr. Native American ball sports, sometimes referred to as lacrossestickball, or baggataway, were often used to settle disputes, rather than going to war, as a civil way to settle potential conflict. Other tribes have stories that recount migrations Notting Hill Ganzer Film Deutsch long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Its main Indianerstamm is the peyote ceremony. Those involved in the Tödliches Vertrauen Stream Indianerstamm tended to ally with French forces against British colonial militias. Neben den Küstenstämmen dieser Sprachfamilie sind es besonders die Inland-Salish Salisch4 Blocks Staffel 2 Bs.To denen auch die Sanpoil gehören, die in geschichtlicher Zeit mit Verrückte Familie Stämmen des Columbiabeckens identifiziert worden sind. European colonization of the Americaswhich began inresulted in Oscars Neustadt precipitous decline in Native American population through introduced diseaseswarfareethnic cleansingand slavery.
Indianerstamm Linguee Apps Video
Gynäkokratie der Himba 👧🏿- Doku — LehrfilmDie Nipmuck waren in Zentral-Massachusetts im Mit einer Niederlage der drei Stämme endete der Krieg, bei dem die Nipmuck fast vollständig ausgerottet worden.
Die Osage waren bei den Stämmen der südlichen Plains wegen ihrer Tapferkeit berühmt. Bedeutend war die gesellschaftliche Organisation der Osage-Indianer.
Die Ottawa sind ebenfalls ein Volksstamm der Algonkin-Sprachfamilie. Ihre Heimat lag im Norden und Süden des Huronsees. Da sie Verbündete der Franzosen waren, setzten sie den Engländern heftigen Widerstand entgegen.
Nach dem Krieg von bis verloren die Franzosen das gesamte Gebiet östlich des Mississippi an die Engländer. Pontiac forderte seine Verbündeten zum Widerstand gegen die englischen Eindringlinge auf, wurde aber nach mehreren Monaten Krieg von seinen Verbündeten im Stich gelassen.
Daraufhin gab Pontiac auf. Sie schlugen General Harmar , General St. Clair und wurden erst von General Wayne in der Schlacht bei Fallen Timbers vernichtend geschlagen.
Die Ottawa waren treue Verbündete der Franzosen und geschätzt als Hilfstruppen. Pontiac war der berühmteste Häuptling der Ottawa. Paiute: Dieser Sammelname bezeichnet zwei grundsätzlich verschiedene Gruppen.
Die nördlichen Paiute waren kein eigentlicher Stamm, sondern gliederten sich in kleinere Gruppen, die alle zur schoschonischen Untergruppe der Uto-Aztekischen Sprachfamilie gehörten.
Die südlichen Paiute, auch als Digger bezeichnet, lebten als einfache Sammler in den wüstenähnlichen Gebieten von Utah, Arizona und Nevada.
Pawnee: Einer der Hauptstämme der Caddo-Sprachfamilie. Die Arikara trennten sich erst spät von den Pawnee.
Die Pawnee sind bekannt wegen ihrer Feindschaft gegen die Sioux, ihrer halblandwirtschaftlichen Kultur und ihrer Zahl. Ursprünglich etwa Heute leben noch etwa 1.
Ihr Leben glich dem der Atlantikküste. Als Engländer in ihr Stammesgebiet eindrangen, gingen sie unter ihrem Häuptling Sassacus auf den Kriegspfad.
Ihr erster Überfall war erfolgreich, dann aber verbündeten sich die Engländer mit den Narraganset und Mohegan. In kleinen Reservationen in Connecticut leben heute noch einige Pequot.
Sie waren enge Verbündete der Huronen. Die Petun wurden im Jahre von den Irokesen vernichtend geschlagen. Um zählte ihre Bevölkerung 8. Sie gehören als eigene Untergruppe zur Uto-Aztekischen Sprachfamilie.
Rassisch gehören die Pima und ihre Nachbarn zu den ältesten Indianergruppen Nordamerikas. Pocumtuc: Die Pocumtuc sind ein Volksstamm der Algonkin-Sprachfamilie, der in Massachusetts lebte und inzwischen ausgestorben ist.
Gegen Ende des Jahrhunderts zogen sie aus ihrer Heimat in den Norden von Illinois. Die Potawatomi zählten zu den gefährlichsten Kriegern der Vereinigten Staaten.
Auch sie waren Verbündete der Franzosen gegen die Engländer. Nach dem Krieg von mussten sie ihr gesamtes Gebiet östlich des Mississippi an die Briten abgeben.
Im Unabhängigkeitskrieg waren sie Verbündete der Engländer. Auch die Shawnee unter Blue Jacket waren an der Schlacht beteiligt. Nach dem sie auch unter dem Shawnee-Häuptling Tecumseh besiegt wurden, zogen sie sich in ihr Stammesgebiet zurück und blieben ab diesem Zeitpunkt friedlich.
Eine Verteidigung gegen kriegerische Indianer war nun sehr leicht. Dennoch wurden diese Festungen im Jahrhundert aufgegeben. Warum das so war, ist bis heute nicht geklärt.
Mögliche Gründe sind lange Dürreperioden, die das Land unfruchtbar machten. In diesem trockenen Gebiet entwickelten sie ein ausgeklügeltes Bewässerungssystem, das den Boden für die Landwirtschaft fruchtbar machte.
Als Unterkunft dienten nun mehrstöckige Häuser, die aus Lehmziegel oder Felsgestein gefertigt wurden. Der Grund, warum man glaubt, dass die Anasazi die Vorfahren der Pueblo-Indianer waren, sind die Gemeinsamkeiten, die man in ihrem Glauben, ihrer Handwerkskunst, ihrer Technik in der Landwirtschaft und insbesondere in der Bauweise ihrer Unterkünfte wiederfindet.
Allerdings gab es auch Unterschiede zu den Anasazi. Stammesbildung war bei den Pueblo-Indianer unbekannt. Jedes Dorf hatte seine Eigenständigkeit und auch die Sprache war je nach Region unterschiedlich.
Zwar stammte sie von einer einzigen Sprachfamilie ab, die man Tanoan nennt, jedoch die Dialekte Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Keresan waren so unterschiedlich, dass man diese jeweils als eigene Sprache ansehen konnte.
In den einzelnen Dörfern gab es Häuptlinge, die für die Jagd und die Kriegsführung verantwortlich waren. Die wahren Herrscher aber waren die Pueblo-Priester.
Sie hielten die Verbindung zwischen den Menschen und den Göttern, den so genannten Kachinas aufrecht und waren gleichzeitig Medizinmänner und Astrologen.
An ihre Verhaltensregeln mussten sich alle Stammesmitglieder halten. Saconnet: Sie waren eine kleine Untergruppe der Narraganset.
Die Saconnet verkauften um das Jahr ihr Stammesgebiet und nach einer verheerenden Pockenepidemie war die Personenzahl auf ein Dutzend Überlebender gesunken.
Compton auf Rhode Island war ihre Heimat. Die Saconnet sind heute ausgestorben. Neben den Küstenstämmen dieser Sprachfamilie sind es besonders die Inland-Salish Salisch , zu denen auch die Sanpoil gehören, die in geschichtlicher Zeit mit den Stämmen des Columbiabeckens identifiziert worden sind.
Die Gruppen am Thompson-River gehören ebenfalls zur gleichen Sprachfamilie. Der Krieg in den Jahren bis war das letzte Aufbäumen der Franzosen und ihrer verbündeten Indianerstämme gegen die Engländer und Irokesen.
Beide Stämme traten meistens als ein Stamm auf. Für ihren Lebensunterhalt gingen sie der Jagd und dem Ackerbau nach. Wegen ihrer Kampfeslust waren sie an allen Kriegen der westlichen Algonkin beteiligt.
Im Frühjahr überfielen 1. Daraufhin traten sie wieder in die 1. Reihe vor. Die Angreifer erlitten hohe Verluste, während die Sauk und Fox nur sechs tote Krieger zu beklagen hatten.
Gegen diese Disziplin und Präzision hatten die angreifenden Prärie-Stämme nichts dagegen zu setzen. Der Stamm entstand im Jahrhundert, als zunächst kleinere verschiedene Stammesgruppen aus den heutigen Staaten Alabama, Georgia und Carolina vor den Creeks flüchteten und nach Florida auswanderten.
Mai statt. Die letzte Widerstandsgruppe wurde aber erst im Jahre vernichtet. Danach wurden viele in ein Reservat nach Oklahoma deportiert.
Der Stamm der Seminolen ist der einzige, der nie mit der US-Regierung einen regulären Friedensvertrag abgeschlossen hat.
Sie lebten in kuppelförmigen Strohhütten und ernährten sich von Mais, Fisch und von der Jagd. Sie hatten bereits zu dieser Zeit ihre Sprache und Kultur aufgegeben.
Sioux: Eigentlich Dakota, d. Ursprünglich in Wisconsin und Minnesota ansässig, wurden sie in geschichtlicher Zeit in die Plains gedrängt, wo sie rasch zu typischen Bisonjägern wurden.
Diese Verdrängung geht wahrscheinlich auf die Chippewa zurück. Für die französischen Pelzhändler, die mit den Chippewas Geschäfte machten, war dieses Wort aber kaum auszusprechen.
Dort wurden sie aber durch Hunger und Kälte zur Kapitulation gezwungen. Als die Reservate im Jahre durch die Geistertanzbewegung von Unruhe erfasst wurden, kam es am Kavallerie mit Hotchkiss-Schnellfeuer-Kanonen getötet.
Damit war der Widerstand der Sioux endgültig zusammengebrochen. Gegenwärtig zählen die Dakota rund Susquehanna: Sie sind ein Volksstamm der Irokesen-Sprachfamilie.
John Smith berichtete begeistert von den Susquehanna, vom hohen Wuchs und ihrer imposanten Erscheinung. Um das Jahr lebten sie in gut befestigten Dörfern, die mit kleinen Geschützen versehen waren.
Diese konnten die Angriffe mit ihren Kanonen erfolgreich abwehren. Daraufhin änderten die Irokesen ihre Kampftaktik und überfielen die Susquehanna durch kleine Überfälle, mit denen die Fünf Nationen sie schwächten.
Als sie bereits stark dezimiert waren, erschienen an der Mündung des Flusses die Quäker, welche die Susquehanna zum Christentum bekehrten. Die überlebenden Susquehanna wurden fortan als Conestoga bezeichnet.
Tanaina: Stamm von nördlichen Jägern, der sprachlich zu den nördlichen Athapasken gehört. Das Stammesgebiet liegt in Süd-Alaska.
Seit ihrer Entdeckung haben die Tanaina teilweise Gebiete besetzt, die vormals zum Siedlungsraum der Eskimo gehört haben müssen.
Heute zählt der Stamm etwa Mitglieder. Tlingit: Die sprachliche Zugehörigkeit der Tlingit ist noch umstritten, kulturell gehören sie zur Fischereikultur der Nordwestküste.
Der Untergang dieser Kultur hat sich erst vor einem Menschenalter vollzogen, als der Einfluss der westlichen Zivilisation übermächtig wurde.
Daher besitzen wir genaue wissenschaftliche Unterlagen für diese Gruppen. Heute zählt der Stamm noch rund 4.
Sie sind ein Stamm der mächtigen Irokesen-Sprachfamilie. Sie bewohnten das Gebiet östlich des Eriesees und waren mit den Huronen befreundet.
Sie waren Ackerbauern und pflanzten neben dem Mais auch Hanf und Tabakpflanzen an. Die Tobacco verwendeten für den Fischfang Netze. Sie waren ein Volksstamm genauso mächtig wie die Irokesen-Liga gesamt.
Sie galten als Feinde der Liga, da sie ihr nicht beitraten. Nach dem die Irokesen-Liga die Huronen besiegt hatten, fielen sie nur neun Monate später — im Dezember — über die friedlichen Tobacco her und löschten das Volk aus.
Sie kamen unter den Schutz der Ottawa und schlossen sich dem mächtigen Algonkin-Bund an. Sprachlich gesehen sind die Tsimshian Mitglieder der Chimmesyan-Sprachfamilie.
Die Tsimshian sind besonders durch ihre Schnitzkunst berühmt, die nur noch von den Haida übertroffen wurde. Zusammen mit diesen bildeten sie den Kern der Fischereikultur dieses Gebietes.
Heute zählt der Stamm rund 1. Utes: Der Stamm der Ute gehörte zur uto-aztekischen Sprachfamilie. Erst zu Beginn des Jahrhunderts, als sie die Vorzüge des Pferdes als Transportmittel erkannten, übernahmen sie die Kultur der benachbarten Präriestämme und kehrten zeitweise in deren Gebiete zurück.
If a couple separates or the man dies, the woman has her family to assist her. In matrilineal cultures the mother's brothers are usually the leading male figures in her children's lives; fathers have no standing in their wife and children's clan, as they still belong to their own mother's clan.
Hereditary clan chief positions pass through the mother's line and chiefs have historically been selected on recommendation of women elders, who could also disapprove of a chief.
In the patrilineal tribes, such as the Omaha , Osage , Ponca , and Lakota , hereditary leadership passes through the male line, and children are considered to belong to the father and his clan.
In patrilineal tribes, if a woman marries a non-Native, she is no longer considered part of the tribe, and her children are considered to share the ethnicity and culture of their father.
In patriarchal tribes, gender roles tend to be rigid. Men have historically hunted, traded and made war while, as life-givers, women have primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families and future of the tribe.
Women usually gather and cultivate plants, use plants and herbs to treat illnesses, care for the young and the elderly, make all the clothing and instruments, and process and cure meat and skins from the game.
Some mothers use cradleboards to carry an infant while working or traveling. At least several dozen tribes allowed polygyny to sisters, with procedural and economic limits.
Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota girls are encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Native American leisure time led to competitive individual and team sports.
Native American ball sports, sometimes referred to as lacrosse , stickball, or baggataway, were often used to settle disputes, rather than going to war, as a civil way to settle potential conflict.
The Choctaw called it isitoboli "Little Brother of War" ; [] the Onondaga name was dehuntshigwa'es "men hit a rounded object". There are three basic versions, classified as Great Lakes, Iroquoian, and Southern.
The game is played with one or two rackets or sticks and one ball. The object of the game is to land the ball in the opposing team's goal either a single post or net to score and to prevent the opposing team from scoring on your goal.
The game involves as few as 20 or as many as players with no height or weight restrictions and no protective gear. The disk would roll down the corridor, and players would throw wooden shafts at the moving disk.
The object of the game was to strike the disk or prevent your opponents from hitting it. Jim Thorpe , a Sauk and Fox Native American, was an all-round athlete playing football and baseball in the early 20th century.
Future President Dwight Eisenhower injured his knee while trying to tackle the young Thorpe. In a speech, Eisenhower recalled Thorpe: "Here and there, there are some people who are supremely endowed.
My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe. He never practiced in his life, and he could do anything better than any other football player I ever saw. In the Olympics, Thorpe could run the yard dash in 10 seconds flat, the in Olympic trials for the pentathlon and the decathlon.
Louis Tewanima , Hopi people , was an American two-time Olympic distance runner and silver medalist in the 10, meter run in His silver medal in remained the best U.
Tewanima also competed at the Olympics, where he finished in ninth place in the marathon. He was the only American ever to win the Olympic gold in this event.
An unknown before the Olympics, Mills finished second in the U. Olympic trials. Billy Kidd , part Abenaki from Vermont , became the first American male to medal in alpine skiing in the Olympics, taking silver at age 20 in the slalom in the Winter Olympics at Innsbruck , Austria.
Six years later at the World Championships, Kidd won the gold medal in the combined event and took the bronze medal in the slalom. Traditional Native American music is almost entirely monophonic , but there are notable exceptions.
Native American music often includes drumming or the playing of rattles or other percussion instruments but little other instrumentation.
Flutes and whistles made of wood, cane, or bone are also played, generally by individuals, but in former times also by large ensembles as noted by Spanish conquistador de Soto.
The tuning of modern flutes is typically pentatonic. Some, such as John Trudell , have used music to comment on life in Native America.
Other musicians such as R. Carlos Nakai , Joanne Shenandoah and Robert "Tree" Cody integrate traditional sounds with modern sounds in instrumental recordings, whereas the music by artist Charles Littleleaf is derived from ancestral heritage as well as nature.
A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of recent music by Native American performers young and old, ranging from pow-wow drum music to hard-driving rock-and-roll and rap.
In the International world of ballet dancing Maria Tallchief was considered America's first major prima ballerina , [] and was the first person of Native American descent to hold the rank.
The most widely practiced public musical form among Native Americans in the United States is that of the pow-wow. At pow-wows, such as the annual Gathering of Nations in Albuquerque, New Mexico , members of drum groups sit in a circle around a large drum.
Drum groups play in unison while they sing in a native language and dancers in colorful regalia dance clockwise around the drum groups in the center.
Familiar pow-wow songs include honor songs, intertribal songs, crow-hops, sneak-up songs, grass-dances, two-steps, welcome songs, going-home songs, and war songs.
Most indigenous communities in the United States also maintain traditional songs and ceremonies, some of which are shared and practiced exclusively within the community.
The Iroquois , living around the Great Lakes and extending east and north, used strings or belts called wampum that served a dual function: the knots and beaded designs mnemonically chronicled tribal stories and legends, and further served as a medium of exchange and a unit of measure.
The keepers of the articles were seen as tribal dignitaries. Pueblo peoples crafted impressive items associated with their religious ceremonies.
Kachina dancers wore elaborately painted and decorated masks as they ritually impersonated various ancestral spirits.
Superior weaving, embroidered decorations, and rich dyes characterized the textile arts. Both turquoise and shell jewelry were created, as were formalized pictorial arts.
Navajo spirituality focused on the maintenance of a harmonious relationship with the spirit world, often achieved by ceremonial acts, usually incorporating sandpainting.
For the Navajo the sand painting is not merely a representational object, but a dynamic spiritual entity with a life of its own, which helped the patient at the centre of the ceremony re-establish a connection with the life force.
These vivid, intricate, and colorful sand creations were erased at the end of the healing ceremony. The Native American arts and crafts industry brings in more than a billion in gross sales annually.
Native American art comprises a major category in the world art collection. Native American contributions include pottery , paintings , jewellery , weavings , sculpture , basketry , and carvings.
The integrity of certain Native American artworks is protected by the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of , that prohibits representation of art as Native American when it is not the product of an enrolled Native American artist.
Attorney Gail Sheffield and others claim that this law has had "the unintended consequence of sanctioning discrimination against Native Americans whose tribal affiliation was not officially recognized".
Interracial relations between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans is a complex issue that has been mostly neglected with "few in-depth studies on interracial relationships".
One case is that of Gonzalo Guerrero , a European from Spain , who was shipwrecked along the Yucatan Peninsula , and fathered three Mestizo children with a Mayan noblewoman.
European impact was immediate, widespread, and profound already during the early years of colonization and the creation of the countries which currently exist in the Americas.
Europeans living among Native Americans were often called "white indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions".
Early contact was often charged with tension and emotion, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy.
There was fear on both sides, as the different peoples realized how different their societies were.
Orthodox Christians never viewed Native people as savages or sub-human. Blackbird, wrote in his History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan , that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes.
Many Native Americans suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol. Many Native people do not break down alcohol in the same way as people of Eurasian background.
Many Native people were learning what their body could tolerate of this new substance and died as a result of imbibing too much.
Blackbird wrote:. The Ottawas and Chippewas were quite virtuous in their primitive state, as there were no illegitimate children reported in our old traditions.
But very lately this evil came to exist among the Ottawas-so lately that the second case among the Ottawas of 'Arbor Croche' is yet living in And from that time this evil came to be quite frequent, for immorality has been introduced among these people by evil white persons who bring their vices into the tribes.
For a Native American man to marry a white woman, he had to get consent of her parents, as long as "he can prove to support her as a white woman in a good home".
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class women teachers at Hampton Institute married Native American men whom they had met as students.
As European-American women started working independently at missions and Indian schools in the western states, there were more opportunities for their meeting and developing relationships with Native American men.
For instance, Charles Eastman , a man of European and Lakota origin whose father sent both his sons to Dartmouth College , got his medical degree at Boston University and returned to the West to practice.
He married Elaine Goodale , whom he met in South Dakota. He was the grandson of Seth Eastman , a military officer from Maine, and a chief's daughter.
Goodale was a young European-American teacher from Massachusetts and a reformer, who was appointed as the U. They had six children together.
The majority of Native American tribes did practice some form of slavery before the European introduction of African slavery into North America, but none exploited slave labor on a large scale.
Most Native American tribes did not barter captives in the pre-colonial era, although they sometimes exchanged enslaved individuals with other tribes in peace gestures or in exchange for their own members.
Native Americans began selling war captives to Europeans rather than integrating them into their own societies as they had done before.
As the demand for labor in the West Indies grew with the cultivation of sugar cane , Europeans enslaved Native Americans for the Thirteen Colonies , and some were exported to the "sugar islands".
The British settlers, especially those in the southern colonies, purchased or captured Native Americans to use as forced labor in cultivating tobacco, rice, and indigo.
Accurate records of the numbers enslaved do not exist because vital statistics and census reports were at best infrequent.
The Virginia General Assembly defined some terms of slavery in All servants imported and brought into the Country All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion If any slave resists his master The slave trade of Native Americans lasted only until around It gave rise to a series of devastating wars among the tribes, including the Yamasee War.
The Indian Wars of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by Colonists found that Native American slaves could easily escape, as they knew the country.
The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies.
The remaining Native American groups banded together to face the Europeans from a position of strength. Many surviving Native American peoples of the southeast strengthened their loose coalitions of language groups and joined confederacies such as the Choctaw , the Creek , and the Catawba for protection.
Even after the Indian Slave Trade ended in the enslavement of Native Americans continued in the west, and also in the Southern states mostly through kidnappings.
African and Native Americans have interacted for centuries. The earliest record of Native American and African contact occurred in April , when Spanish colonists transported the first Africans to Hispaniola to serve as slaves.
Sometimes Native Americans resented the presence of African Americans. The carrying of Negroes among the Indians has all along been thought detrimental, as an intimacy ought to be avoided.
Europeans considered both races inferior and made efforts to make both Native Americans and Africans enemies. They worked together, lived together in communal quarters, produced collective recipes for food, shared herbal remedies, myths and legends, and in the end they intermarried.
In the 18th century, many Native American women married freed or runaway African men due to a decrease in the population of men in Native American villages.
While numerous tribes used captive enemies as servants and slaves, they also often adopted younger captives into their tribes to replace members who had died.
In the Southeast, a few Native American tribes began to adopt a slavery system similar to that of the American colonists, buying African American slaves, especially the Cherokee , Choctaw , and Creek.
In the Census, nearly 3 million people indicated that their race was Native American including Alaska Native.
This phenomenon has been dubbed the " Cherokee Syndrome ". Many tribes, especially those in the Eastern United States , are primarily made up of individuals with an unambiguous Native American identity , despite being predominantly of European ancestry.
Historically, numerous Native Americans assimilated into colonial and later American society , e. In many cases, this process occurred through forced assimilation of children sent off to special boarding schools far from their families.
Those who could pass for white had the advantage of white privilege [] Today, after generations of racial whitening through hypergamy and interracial marriage, many Native Americans are visually indistinguishable from White Americans , unlike mestizos in the United States , who may in fact have little or no non-indigenous ancestry.
Native Americans were seen as capable of cultural evolution unlike Africans and therefore of cultural absorption into the white populace.
Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group to practice interracial marriage , resulting in an ever-declining proportion of indigenous blood among those who claim a Native American identity.
Disenrollment has become a contentious issue in Native American reservation politics. Intertribal mixing was common among many Native American tribes prior to European contact, as they would adopt captives taken in warfare.
Individuals often had ancestry from more than one tribe, particularly after tribes lost so many members from disease in the colonial era and after.
A number of tribes traditionally adopted captives into their group to replace members who had been captured or killed in battle.
Such captives were from rival tribes and later were taken from raids on European settlements. Some tribes also sheltered or adopted white traders and runaway slaves, and others owned slaves of their own.
Tribes with long trading histories with Europeans show a higher rate of European admixture, reflecting years of intermarriage between Native American women and European men, often seen as advantageous to both sides.
In recent years, genetic genealogists have been able to determine the proportion of Native American ancestry carried by the African-American population.
The literary and history scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. A greater percentage could have a smaller proportion of Indian ancestry, but their conclusions show that popular estimates of Native American admixture may have been too high.
DNA testing is not sufficient to qualify a person for specific tribal membership, as it cannot distinguish among Native American tribes; however some tribes such as the Meskwaki Nation require a DNA test in order to enroll in the tribe.
Most DNA testing examines few lineages that comprise a minuscule percentage of one's total ancestry, approximately less than 1 percent of total DNA.
Every human being has about one thousand ancestors going back ten generations. For example, a genetic male could have a maternal grandfather from whom he did not inherit his Y chromosome and a paternal grandmother from whom he did not inherit his mtDNA who were descended from Native American founders, but mtDNA and Y-chromosome analyses would not detect them.
Native American identity has historically been based on culture, not just biology, as many American Indian peoples adopted captives from their enemies and assimilated them into their tribes.
While they occur more frequently among Native Americans, they are also found in people in other parts of the world. Not all Native Americans have been tested; especially with the large number of deaths due to disease such as smallpox , it is unlikely that Native Americans only have the genetic markers they have identified [so far], even when their maternal or paternal bloodline does not include a [known] non-Native American.
To receive tribal services, a Native American must be a certified or enrolled member of a federally recognized tribal organization.
Each tribal government makes its own rules for eligibility of citizens or tribal members. Among tribes, qualification for enrollment may be based upon a required percentage of Native American "blood" or the " blood quantum " of an individual seeking recognition, or documented descent from an ancestor on the Dawes Rolls or other registers.
But, the federal government has its own standards related to who qualifies for services available to certified Native Americans. For instance, federal scholarships for Native Americans require the student both to be enrolled in a federally recognized tribe and to be of at least one-quarter Native American descent equivalent to one grandparent , attested to by a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood CDIB card issued by the federal government.
Some tribes have begun requiring genealogical DNA testing of individuals' applying for membership, but this is usually related to an individual's proving parentage or direct descent from a certified member.
The Cherokee require documented direct genealogical descent from a Native American listed on the early Dawes Rolls. Tribal rules regarding recognition of members who have heritage from multiple tribes are equally diverse and complex.
Federally recognized tribes do not accept genetic-ancestry results as appropriate documentation for enrollment and do not advise applicants to submit such documentation.
Tribal membership conflicts have led to a number of legal disputes, court cases, and the formation of activist groups. One example of this are the Cherokee Freedmen.
Today, they include descendants of African Americans once enslaved by the Cherokees, who were granted, by federal treaty, citizenship in the historic Cherokee Nation as freedmen after the Civil War.
The modern Cherokee Nation , in the early s, passed a law to require that all members must prove descent from a Cherokee Native American not Cherokee Freedmen listed on the Dawes Rolls, resulting in the exclusion of some individuals and families who had been active in Cherokee culture for years.
Since the United States Census , people may identify as being of more than one race. Sociologists attribute this dramatic change to "ethnic shifting" or "ethnic shopping"; they believe that it reflects a willingness of people to question their birth identities and adopt new ethnicities which they find more compatible.
The reaction from lifelong Indians runs the gamut. It is easy to find Native Americans who denounce many of these new Indians as members of the wannabe tribe.
But it is also easy to find Indians like Clem Iron Wing, an elder among the Lakota , who sees this flood of new ethnic claims as magnificent, a surge of Indians 'trying to come home.
The journalist Mary Annette Pember notes that identifying with Native American culture may be a result of a person's increased interest in genealogy , the romanticization of the lifestyle, and a family tradition of Native American ancestors in the distant past.
There are different issues if a person wants to pursue enrollment as a member of a tribe. Pember concludes:. The subjects of genuine American Indian blood, cultural connection and recognition by the community are extremely contentious issues, hotly debated throughout Indian country and beyond.
The whole situation, some say, is ripe for misinterpretation, confusion and, ultimately, exploitation.
The genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focuses on human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.
Neither recombines , and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.
The genetic pattern indicates Indigenous Americans experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas.
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 15, to 20,year layover on Beringia for the small founding population.
Scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of some Native American groups can be traced back to Paleolithic groups in Southern Siberia.
North America. South America. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Indigenous peoples of the United States except Hawaii.
Percent of population with indigenous ancestry by U. Political movements. Ethnic subdivisions. English American English Native American languages.
Neighborhoods Societal statistics Reservations Tribal disenrollment Reservation poverty. Main articles: Paleo-Indians and Settlement of the Americas.
Main article: Pre-Columbian era. Main article: Lithic stage. Main article: Archaic period in the Americas. Main articles: Age of Discovery and European colonization of the Americas.
Main article: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Main article: King Philip's War. Further information: Great Law of Peace.
Main article: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans. Further information: Native American reservation politics.
Main article: Indian boarding schools. Main articles: Native American self-determination and Native American civil rights.
Main article: Tribal colleges and universities. Further information: Modern social statistics of Native Americans. See also: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Board of Education. Commission on Civil Rights [] September Further information: Stereotypes of Native Americans. Main article: Native American mascot controversy.
Further information: Native American name controversy. Main article: Native American gaming. Main article: Native American cultures of the United States.
Main articles: Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas and Indigenous languages of the Americas. Further information: Native American religion.
Main articles: Native American music and Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Further information: petroglyph , pictogram , petroform , Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas , indigenous ceramics of the Americas , and Native American jewelry.
Further information: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans. Further information: Black Indians and Native American slave ownership.
Further information: Cherokee freedmen controversy. Main article: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas.
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